Introduction to Capstone Project Notes – Class 11 AI (843)

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These Capstone Project notes are specially designed for CBSE Class 11 AI (843) students and are fully based on the latest CBSE syllabus and board exam pattern.📘✨
In this Introduction to Capstone Project Notes of Class 11 AI , Every topic is explained in a simple, organized, and student-friendly way so that you can understand concepts easily and revise quickly before exams.

Introduction to Capstone Project

A capstone project is a final project in which students research a topic in depth, understand it clearly, and apply all the knowledge they have gained to solve a real-world problem.
While working on a capstone project, students explore real-life problems and try to develop solutions that can improve lives and make the world better.

Skills Students Learn during capstone project

• How to work effectively in a team
• How to identify a problem clearly and understand its impact on users
• How to brainstorm ideas and choose the best solution
• How to decide which type of AI is suitable for solving the problem
• How to collect and use data ethically for training AI models
• How to test their solution (prototype) with users and improve it using feedback
• How to present (pitch) their solution to others for support and implementation

Examples of Capstone Project

• Stock Prices Predictor
• Movie Ticket Price Predictor
• Students Results Predicton
• Classifying humans and animals in a photo

Problem Decomposition – Asking the right question before starting the AI Capstone Project

before starting an AI project, it is essential to first understand the problem and check whether it contains a pattern. It then describes how predictive analysis helps in identifying these patterns. If the problem is complex, it should be broken down into smaller parts using problem decomposition to make it easier to analyze and solve. We will decompose problem with 5W1H method.

5W1H method

5W1H is a simple method used to understand a problem completely by asking six basic questions:

• Who? → Who is affected by the problem or involved in it?
• What? → What is the problem exactly?
• When? → When does the problem occur?
• Where? → Where does the problem happen?
• Why? → Why is the problem happening?
• How? → How does the problem happen or how can it be solved?

Problem decomposition steps

• Understand and restate the problem
  Clearly understand the problem, rewrite it in your own words, identify inputs and outputs, and ask questions to remove any confusion.
• Break the problem into major parts
  Divide the problem into a few big sections and note them down for better clarity.
• Divide complex parts into smaller steps
  Further break down difficult sections into smaller, simpler tasks until they are easy to solve.
• Solve (code) and test step-by-step
  Work on one small part at a time, write the code, test it independently, and fix errors before moving ahead.

Critical and Creative Thinking

• Critical thinking is the ability to analyze a situation and make decisions based on facts and data.
• Creative thinking is the ability to generate new ideas and find innovative solutions to problems.

Introduction to Design Thinking

• Design Thinking is a non-linear and repetitive problem-solving approach used to understand users, challenge assumptions, and create innovative solutions.
• It has five main stages:
  • Empathize (understand the user)
  • Define (identify the problem)
  • Ideate (generate ideas)
  • Prototype (create a model)
  • Test (evaluate the solution)

Empathize

• Empathize is the first step in Design Thinking where we try to understand the user and their problem.
• It means putting yourself in the user’s place to understand their feelings, needs, and challenges.
• It requires removing preconceived notions and looking at the problem with a fresh perspective.
• This understanding is gained through observation, interaction, and imagination.

Empathy Map

• Empathy Map is a tool used to understand users better and gain deeper insight into their needs and behaviour.
• It helps in creating a persona, which is a realistic profile representing the user.
• A persona includes details like education, lifestyle, interests, goals, needs, thoughts, and actions.
• It is divided into four quadrants:
  • Says – What the user says aloud
  • Thinks – What the user thinks about the problem
  • Does – What actions the user takes
  • Feels – The emotions of the user

Creating Empathy Map

Example: Anakha has a desktop computer. She is planning to buy one new Laptop for her educational purpose. Let us create an Empathy map for Anakha.

Define

• Define is the stage where information collected during Empathize is analyzed to clearly identify the problem.
• It focuses on writing a clear problem statement based on the user’s needs.
• A common method used is the 5W1H technique to gather complete information:
  • Who?
  • What?
  • When?
  • Where?
  • Why?

Ideate

• Ideate is the stage where we generate as many ideas as possible to solve the problem.
• The focus is on idea generation, not judging whether ideas are practical or possible.
• It encourages thinking freely and creatively, also known as “going wide” in thinking.
• Common ideation techniques include:
  • Brainstorming → Group activity where people freely share and build on each other’s ideas
  • Brain dump → Individual method where a person writes down all ideas freely
  • Brain writing → Individuals write ideas, then pass them to others to improve and expand

Prototype

• Prototype is the stage where a simple model of the solution is created.
• It is made to test ideas before building the final product.
• A prototype is not perfect or detailed, it is just a basic version of the solution.
• It can be created using simple methods like drawings, posters, role-play, or 3D models.

Test

• Test is the stage where the prototype is checked by real users.
• Users interact with the prototype and give feedback about it.
• Testing often happens along with prototyping to improve the solution continuously.
• It helps designers understand what works and what needs improvement.

Sustainable Development Goals

• Sustainable development means meeting today’s needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
• To build a better future, the United Nations has defined 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• These goals help countries and individuals work towards a safe, balanced, and sustainable world.
• Projects can support sustainability by aligning their solutions with SDG targets and real-world problems.
• Students can choose SDG-based problems to develop AI solutions for real-life issues.

Project Abstract Creation Using Design Thinking Framework

• Project Name: A suitable and creative name related to the chosen problem.
• Team Members Name: Names of all group members.
• Problem Selection: Identify a real-world problem through survey or interviews that can be solved using AI and is aligned with SDGs.
• Users Affected by the Problem: Define who is facing the problem and how it impacts them.
• Empathize: Understand users by creating an Empathy Map (Says, Thinks, Does, Feels) based on interviews and observations.
• Define the Problem: Use 5W1H (Who, What, Where, When, Why, How) to clearly understand the problem and write a proper problem statement.
• Ideate: Brainstorm multiple solutions and list creative ideas without judging them initially.
• Prototype: Create a simple model of the solution using sketches, posters, role-play, or basic physical/digital models.
• Test (Optional): Show the prototype to users and collect feedback to improve the solution.

Example –

1. Project Name: {Write a suitable and creative name related to your problem}

2. Team Members Name: {Students can fill this section by themselves}

3. Problem Selection: After conducting a survey among Class X students, it was observed that most students are confused about choosing subjects for their future studies.

Details of the issue:
While taking admission in plus-two courses, students face difficulty in selecting suitable subjects. To ensure quality education, students should choose subjects based on their aptitude and interests. However, lack of proper guidance makes it difficult for them to select the right subjects and institutions offering those combinations.
This problem is aligned with SDG-4 (Quality Education).

4. Users: Students who have passed Class X and are planning for higher studies face difficulty in selecting appropriate subjects, which is an important decision for their future career.

5. Empathize: Students can be interviewed in two groups:

• Group 1: Students already studying in plus-two (to understand challenges faced during subject selection and admission)
• Group 2: Students preparing for admission (to understand their doubts, fears, and expectations)

After collecting responses, the team should analyze the data and note key points under:
Says, Thinks, Does, Feels to create an Empathy Map.

6. Define: After understanding the users’ needs, the problem is clearly defined using the 5W1H method:

• Who: Students seeking admission in plus-two courses and their parents
• What: Difficulty in selecting suitable subjects and schools
• Where: During admission process in schools/institutions
• When: At the time of admission after Class X
• Why: Lack of awareness about available subjects and career options
• How: By developing a system that analyzes student interests and suggests suitable subjects and schools

Problem Statement:
Students are unable to choose appropriate subjects after Class X due to lack of proper guidance and awareness, leading to confusion during admission.

7. Solution Idea (How it helps):

A system can be developed that analyzes students’ interests and aptitude, and recommends suitable subjects and institutions accordingly. This will help students make better academic decisions and improve future career outcomes.